Ishtar Love
DARVO is an anachronism that stands for DENY, ATTACK, REVERSE, VICTIM, OFFENDER. It is used to describe a defensive manipulation tactic used by one person to avoid being held accountable for their acts of aggression toward another person. It is an extreme form of gaslighting behaviour that can be perpetrated by an individual or group. In the latter instance it is referred to as institutional DARVO.
Jennifer J. Freyd, Ph.D. first conceptualized DARVO in an article she published in 1997. Dr. Freyd, a professor of psychology at the University of Oregon, explains that perpetrators of DARVO
According to Dr. Freyd, the DARVO tactic can be used by people who inflict harm on others as well as bystanders who support them. Sometimes the purpose of DARVO is to minimize a transgression, and at other times it is used to deny that the transgression ever took place.
The DARVO tactic can be a means used in the process of scapegoating. It changes the focus from the misdeeds of the true culprit and emphasizes real or invented shortcomings of the person they harmed.
For example, a perpetrator breaks the law by assaulting another person but minimizes their crime by claiming that they were the actually victim by framing the victim-survivors acts of resistance as the actual assault. Thus, they make it appear as if they are the victim and the actual victim-survivor is the perpetrator.
Dr. Freyd explains:
“This occurs, for instance, when an actually guilty perpetrator assumes the role of ‘falsely accused’ and attacks the accuser’s credibility and blames the accuser of being the perpetrator of a false accusation.”
DARVO often relies on cultrual biases and people’s propensity to discrimination. It is most successful in the context of systemic oppression, i.e. racism, sexism, etcetera.
DARVO (Deny, Attack, Reverse, Victim, and Offender) is a tactical manoeuvre manipulators use to groom individuals, and, indeed, entire social groups. It involves controlling people’s perception of events through a specific sequence of actions. Those who experience the DARVO process often feel disoriented as the perpetrator of abuse actively revises the facts and distorts the truth. By crafting a fictional narrative that bears no resemblance to reality, they sow seeds of doubt. Bystanders, regrettably, accept the manipulator’s lies as truth. Meanwhile, the recipient of the abuse becomes a scapegoat and a target of vilification.
DARVO is an acronym for Deny, Attack, Reverse, Victim and Offender. It is a defence mechanism used by manipulators when they are confronted for their actions to evade accountability. DARVO is a fusion of gaslighting and blame-shifting. The term was first presented in a 1997 article by Jennifer J. Freyd, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon and founder of the Centre for Institutional Courage.
“The perpetrator or offender may Deny the behaviour, Attack the individual doing the confronting, and Reverse the roles of Victim and Offender such that the perpetrator assumes the victim role and turns the true victim – or the whistle-blower – into an alleged offender.”
DARVO occurs in the following sequence:
The language used by perpetrators and their supporters during DARVO campaigns may sound like this:
At the local level, this strategy is common among perpetrators of sexual offences, emotional abuse, and domestic violence. DARVO is a regular feature of coercive and controlling behaviour.
At the structural level, Dr. Freyd refers to this tactic as institutional DARVO.
For DARVO to occur a power imbalance must exist. Similarly, it is particularly effective when the abuser has more social capital than the survivor.
Generally, if the perpetrator is a member of a dominant group and the survivor belongs to a disenfranchised group, the likelihood of believing the survivor is lower.
People who are likely candidates for DARVO are:
The DARVO tactic serves many purposes.
Thus, the abuser is able to craft a scapegoat story which is used to cultivate biases against the target and rally bystanders to their cause.
“This occurs, for instance, when an actually guilty perpetrator assumes the role of ‘falsely accused’ and attacks the accuser’s credibility and blames the accuser of being the perpetrator of a false accusation.”
In a DARVO climate, no amount of evidence will suffice as proof of the abuser’s transgressions. Bystanders willingly suspend their relationship with reality out of self-interest. The victim-survivors is objectified and reduced to a dehumanizing stereotype. Therefore, a social circle groomed by a manipulator with prominent anti-social traits will not believe them. Instead, the target will endure a terrifying campaign of victim-blaming and hate from the group. The perpetrator’s endgame is the complete destruction of the victim, either by social death, psychological destabilization, and/or self-destruction.
The cognitive distortions created by DARVO cultivate an ecosystem of moral corruption. The manipulator weaponizes the empathy of their supporters and encourages negative biases about the recipient of the abuse. They foster a culture of binary thinking among their enablers. Furthermore, manipulators do this in order to ensure that members of the dominant clique become indifferent and callous about the betrayal of the survivor. In conclusion, the desensitization of the group opens the door to the objectification of the victim-survivor and once this happens every kind of violence becomes acceptable.
Some examples are manifestations of antisemitism, racism, sexism and homophobia.
According to Dr. Freyd, betrayal blindness is a survival mechanism that arises “when awareness would threaten necessary relationships.” In other words, bystanders yield to betrayal blindness in the interest of looking out for themselves and to avoid the loss or pain they might risk if they sympathized with the target. They assign more value to their relationship with the abuser so it follows that it’s in their best interest to empathize with the narcissist not with the survivor.
Indeed, in many cases, bystanders may actually benefit from gaining social capital by supporting the perpetrator. Therefore, it is typically a combination of a desire for personal gain and self-preservation instinct that overrides ethical and moral considerations in these bystanders. In other words, members of their clique often cope with conflicts within the group by wilfully ignoring the harmful behaviours exhibited by the narcissist and “turning a blind eye.”
DARVO can have devastating consequences on the mental health of victim-survivors. Firstly, it leads to chronic anxiety, panic, major depression, and post-traumatic stress. These conditions, in turn, significantly impact the survivor’s physical well-being. Moreover, this process invalidates the survivor’s lived experience, inflicting additional pain and suffering as they are denied any form of justice. Instead of acknowledging the wrong done to them, individuals further persecute and blame survivors, despite their victimhood. Moreover, the rejection from peers and the perpetrator’s immunity to accountability continuously pour salt into the survivor’s wounds, repeatedly re-traumatizing them.
Ishtar Love
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